**Home Charging Costs (2025)**: Level 1 (120V) at U.S. average $0.14/kWh, typical EV efficiency 3.0 mi/kWh → 1,000 miles costs **$46.67** or **$560/year** for 12,000 miles.

Level 2 (240V) same rate but faster 15-40 mi/hour charging, off-peak TOU rates $0.08-0.12/kWh reduce costs to **$400/year** (29% savings).

Solar charging with 6kW system costs **$160/year** amortized (71% savings after break-even year 8-12). **Public Charging**: Level 2 public at $0.35/kWh average = **$1,400/year** (2.5× home cost).

DC Fast charging at $0.48/kWh = **$1,920/year** (3.4× home cost), plus battery degradation risk from frequent use. **Regional variations**: Lowest rates Louisiana/Idaho $0.09/kWh (**$36-40/month**), highest Hawaii/California $0.28-0.42/kWh (**$112-140/month**). **Optimal strategy**: 80-90% home charging + occasional DC fast for road trips = **$560-760/year total**, saving **$1,120/year vs gas** (25 MPG, $3.50/gal).

Break-even for Level 2 home installation ($1,500 cost) vs public charging reliance = **1.8 years**.

TOU plans with overnight $0.10/kWh off-peak rates maximize savings; avoid 100% public charging unless apartment-bound (only $200-500 cheaper than gas in high-rate states).

**Key factors**: (1) **Electricity rate** - $0.09-0.42/kWh by state (4.7× range), TOU plans offer 30-50% savings with off-peak $0.08-0.12/kWh overnight. (2) **Vehicle efficiency** - Small sedans 3.5-4.5 mi/kWh (Tesla Model 3 $420/year), electric trucks 1.8-2.5 mi/kWh (F-150 Lightning $840/year) = 2× cost difference.

Cold weather reduces efficiency 20-40%, highway speed 75 mph vs 55 mph = 26% efficiency loss. (3) **Driving distance** - 10,000 miles/year = $467, 20,000 miles = $933 at $0.14/kWh, 3.0 mi/kWh. (4) **Charging location mix** - 100% home $400/year, 50/50 home/public $980/year (145% increase), 100% public $1,400/year.

Free workplace charging saves **$560/year** vs home. (5) **Temperature** - Winter costs rise 25-30% from heating ($560 → $700-730/year in northern states), summer A/C adds 5-10%. (6) **TOU optimization** - Peak 6-9pm $0.40/kWh vs off-peak 11pm-7am $0.10/kWh saves **$1,200/year**. **Calculation formula**: (Monthly miles ÷ Efficiency mi/kWh) × Electricity rate = Monthly cost.

Example: 1,000 miles ÷ 3.0 mi/kWh = 333 kWh × $0.14 = **$46.62/month** home standard rate, or $33/month off-peak TOU.

Adjust +25% winter, +10% summer for seasonal variation = **$50.76/month average**.

Level 1 charging adds 15-25% losses ($700/year vs $622 Level 2).

Compare to gas: 1,000 miles ÷ 25 MPG × $3.50/gal = $140/month → **save $90/month = $1,080/year** (77% less than gas).

Verify with FuelEconomy.gov calculator or EnergySage EV tool for local rates.