Actual EV range = (Battery kWh × Usable % × Efficiency mi/kWh) × Condition Multipliers.

EPA ranges are tested in controlled lab conditions (72°F, mix city/highway, moderate speed) and often overstated 10-30%.

Real-world factors: (1) Temperature: -20% range at 20°F, -15% at 95°F due to battery heating/cooling + cabin HVAC. (2) Speed: 55-60mph optimal (4 mi/kWh), 75mph highway reduces to 2.8 mi/kWh (-30%). (3) HVAC: Heat/AC uses 3-5kW, reduces range 15-30% in extreme weather. (4) Terrain: Uphill -20%, downhill +10% (regen braking).

Example: 75kWh battery, 90% usable = 67.5kWh.

City driving 4 mi/kWh = 270 miles.

Highway 70mph, cold weather: 67.5 × 3 mi/kWh × 0.8 temp = 162 miles (40% reduction).

Use 80% daily charging max to preserve battery (save 20% buffer).

Top 10 range optimization strategies: (1) Optimal speed 55-65mph saves 20-30% vs 75mph. (2) Preconditioning while plugged in heats/cools cabin using grid power (saves 2-3kWh/trip). (3) Eco mode limits acceleration and top speed (+10-15% range). (4) One-pedal driving maximizes regen braking (+5-10%). (5) Maintain tire pressure 3-5 psi over recommendation (+2-5% efficiency). (6) Reduce weight, remove roof racks (+3-5%). (7) Minimize HVAC: heated seats/steering wheel use 75W vs cabin heat 3-5kW. (8) Plan routes avoiding hills, use Highway mode for efficiency estimates. (9) Battery health: keep 20-80% charge, avoid fast charging >80% (degrades battery faster). (10) Winter: garage parking +10% overnight battery temp.

Real gains: Aggressive driver 2.5 mi/kWh → efficient driver 3.8 mi/kWh = +52% range same battery. 65kWh battery: 163 miles → 247 miles daily range.